Case Arguments Overview

can you summarize a case for me

actually find the arguments of the petitioner and defendant from the case details i'll provide you

The case is unusual because of the facts which led to the registration of the FIR in question.The complainant, Aisha Anjum, filed a written complaint at the police station on *.*.*. In her written complaint, she stated that her marriage was solemnised with the petitioner on *.*.* in accordance with Muslim rites. She further stated that out of this marital relationship a daughter was born to her. She alleged that the petitioner and his family members threw her out of the house on account of ****n-fulfillment of dowry demands for which she had already complained to the crime against women cell. It was then alleged that the petitioner had filed a case for restitution of conjugal rights and on *.*.*, from the court itself, she went with her husband to their matrimonial home. It is further alleged in the written complaint that after her return to her matrimonial home her husband committed rape on her upto *.*.* because she had later come to learn that he had already given her talaq earlier and that he had lied in court that she was still his wife and on this misrepresentation he had taken her home. She further submitted that the petitioner’s family members also knew about the talaq but they participated in the fraud committed against her. It is further alleged that on *.*.* a second nikah was performed which came to light only when she obtained a duplicate copy of the nikahnama. She alleged that the petitioner had unlawful relations with her during that time as he was ****t her husband then. She further stated that had she k****wn, at that point of time, that he was ****t her husband and that he had already given her talaq, she would never have agreed to have conjugal relations with him. She alleged that her consent was taken by playing a fraud upon her and that the petitioner, in the guise of being her lawful husband, had unlawful relations with her by deceitful means. She reiterated that had she k****wn of the truth at that point of time she would never have given her consent. She therefore requested that legal action against the petitioner and other accused persons be taken under sections */* IPC. *. It is an admitted position that the complainant and the petitioner got married on *.*.* and that they lived together till *.*.*. On that date, according to the complainant, she was thrown out of the house on account of ****n- fulfillment of dowry demands. But, according to the petitioner, the complainant left their house without informing him and of her own will. On *.*.*, the complainant gave birth to a baby girl (the said Sara @ Ushna, who is ****w about 2 years old). It is alleged by the petitioner that towards the end of October *, his brother-in-law and his sister attempted to arrange for the return of the complainant to her matrimonial home. But, this was in vain. It is further alleged by the petitioner that upon hearing of the failure of this mission, he became very sad and extremely angry and in this mental condition, in the presence of his brother-in-law and a****ther man, he uttered the words giving talaq to his wife (the complainant) approximately three times or even more. According to the petitioner, he forgot about this incident and continued to make efforts for the return of his wife. Admittedly, the factum of the purported talaq was ****t communicated to the complainant. *. On *.*.*, the petitioner, wanting the return of his wife, filed a suit for restitution of conjugal rights in the court of the Senior Civil Judge, Delhi. In paragraph * of the plaint, the petitioner stated that the complainant was married to the petitioner on *.*.* at Delhi and was still the wife of the petitioner. The purported talaq of late October * was ****t mentioned in the plaint. On *.*.*, statements of the complainant and the petitioner were recorded in the said suit for restitution of conjugal rights. The complainant stated:- I am ready to join the company of the plaintiff/ husband and from the court I am going to my matrimonial home with my husband. The petitioner made the following statement:- I have heard the statement of defendant. I am ready to take the defendant/ my wife to my home. My suit stand[s] satisfied and I do ****t want to pursue the present matter. My suit may be disposed of as satisfied. On the basis of these statements, on *.*.* itself, the learned Civil Judge passed the following order:- It is stated that matter has been settled between the parties and defendant is ready to join the company of the plaintiff. Statement of parties recorded. In view of the same suit of the plaintiff is disposed of as satisfied. File be consigned to Record Room. *. The complainant returned with the petitioner to their matrimonial home on *.*.* from court itself. Thereafter, a****ther remarkable event allegedly took place. As mentioned in the FIR, a second nikah was performed between the petitioner and the complainant on *.*.* Which, according to the complaint, the complainant got to k****w only upon receiving a duplicate copy of the nikahnama from the Qazi who performed the ceremony. According to the petitioner, the second nikah was necessitated because after the settlement of *.*.*, he was reminded by his brother-in-law that he had already divorced the complainant by way of a triple talaq in october *. Faced with this situation, the petitioner, who did ****t want any illegitimacy in his marital status, allegedly sought an opinion from a mufti on *.*.*. The mufti reportedly gave a fatwa on *.*.* that three talaqs pro****unced in one sitting would be regarded as one talaq-e-rajai and, consequently, the petitioner could have taken back the complainant within the iddat period of three months. But, as that period had elapsed, the petitioner and the complainant could renew their matrimonial relationship only by performing a fresh nikah. According to the petitioner, it is because of this fatwa that the second nikah was performed on *.*.* which, according to the petitioner, was witnessed by the complainant’s brother (Shahid Naeem) who also signed as a witness on the nikahnama (as also the compromise deed dated *.*.*). It was, of course, earlier alleged by the complainant that the factum of the nikah was ****t in her k****wledge and came to light much later, before the CAW cell. According to her, signatures were taken on the pretext that the documents had to be filed in court as a formality. *. After her return to the matrimonial home on *.*.*, the complainant continued to reside with the petitioner. Once again, there was discord between them and the petitioner pro****unced talaq (again) on *.*.*. On *.*.*, the petitioner left the matrimonial home. Since then, she is residing at her parental home. On *.*.*, she filed a complaint before the crime against women cell. It is further alleged by her that during the inquiry it came to light that the petitioner had given her talaq earlier also (ie., in October, *). According to the complainant, on *.*.* when the petitioner appeared before the CAW cell, he disclosed that he had already given the first talaq to the complainant in October *. It is then, according to the complaint, that the complainant came to k****w for the first time that a fraud had been played upon her and that the petitioner had sexual intercourse with her during *.*.* and *.*.* when, in law, he was ****t her husband. However, she filed her written complaint only on *.*.* with regard to the alleged rape committed during *.*.* and *.*.*. The FIR under section * IPC was registered on the same date (*.*.*). *. The prosecution case is that the sexual intercourse which allegedly took place between the petitioner and the complainant during *.*.* and *.*.* constituted rape under section * IPC as the complainant had been deceived into believing that the petitioner was still her husband on *.*.*, when the order in the suit for restitution of conjugal rights was passed. It is contended that the petitioner knew of the talaq, yet, he misrepresented that the complainant was still his wife and the complainant, believing this, returned to her matrimonial home. Her consent to re-establish the conjugal relationship was, therefore, based upon a fraud played by the petitioner and his family members. *. It is pertinent to mention that the petitioner’s bail application was dismissed by the learned Additional Sessions Judge on *.*.* holding that the petitioner had ****t disclosed the factum of talaq, either to the complainant or to the court, in his suit for restitution of conjugal rights. It was further held that- Pro****uncement of triple ‘talak’ amounts to talaq-ul-Biddat which became rrevocable and it does ****t lie in the mouth of the applicant to say that the complainant was his wife. As far as case of re-marriage is concerned, there should be an intermediate marriage with some other person, consummation of marriage and then divorce and thereafter applicant can marry the complainant. Therefore, second marriage on *.*.* ****where answers religious tenets of the parties. Consent, given by the complainant from *.*.* till *.*.*, was a tainted consent, which can ****t be termed as free consent by her. These observations in respect of Muslim law as applicable in India are ****t correct. The foundation of the prosecution case as also the decision of the learned sessions judge is that the marriage stood dissolved by the purported triple talaq of October, *. On the contrary, as indicated below, the foundation is illusory and is ****t supported by the facts stated in the complaint considered in the light of the principles of Muslim law as applicable in India. This would be clear from the discussion below. On merits: submission that the offence u/s * IPC is ****t made out *. The settlement between the petitioner and the complainant would in itself have been sufficient for this court to exercise its inherent powers to put to an end the FIR in question as also proceedings emanating from it. This is so because I am of the view that the parties have genuinely settled all their disputes and have decided to part with each other in terms of the compromise which brings to an end bitter legal matrimonial battles. The present case being one of them. It is also worth keeping in mind that the petitioner and the complainant have a daughter, who shall always remain their daughter even though they **** longer remain as husband and wife. Apart from this, it was also stressed by the learned counsel for the petitioner (and, ****t opposed by the learned counsel for the complainant) that on merits The learned counsel for the petitioner, submitted that- (*)The alleged triple talaq of october * did ****t result in a divorce in law. The talaq was invalid. And, it was ****t even communicated to the complainant. He relied upon the following decisions:- Riaz Fatima v. Mohd Sharif [* (*) DLT *]; Dagdu Chotu Pathan v. Rahimbi Dagdu Pathan [* (*) MhLJ *(FB)]; Dilshad Begum Ahmadkhan Pathan v. Ahmadkhan Hanifkhan Pathan [Criminal Revision Applications * and */* decided on *.*.* (Bombay High Court)]; Shamim Ara v. State of U.P. [AIR * SC *]. (*) Consequently, the complainant continued to be the petitioner’s wife. Therefore, there was **** question of any rape during *.*.* and *.*.* inasmuch as a wife is excepted under section * IPC itself. (*) In any event, the triple talaq pro****unced in a single sitting could, at best, be regarded as one talaq and therefore the second nikah performed on *.*.* was permissible and valid under Muslim personal law. (*) Consequently, consent can well be presumed for sexual acts prior to the nikah of *.*.*. Reliance was placed on State of Andhra Pradesh v. P Narasimha [* SCC (Cri) *]. Five questions:– *. Several questions impinging upon Muslim law concepts arise for consideration. They are :- (*) What is the legality and effect of a triple talaq ? (*) Does a talaq given in anger result in dissolution of marriage? (*) What is the effect of ****n-communication of the talaq to the wife? (*) Was the purported talaq of October * valid? (*) What is the effect of the second nikah of *.*.* ? Certain Muslim Law Concepts *. Before I examine these questions it would be necessary to set out certain concepts of Muslim law (shariat) which are oft ig****red. Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) has developed from four roots (usul al-fiqh):- (*) The Quran; (*) the hadis or sunna; (*) Ijma; and (iv) Qiyas. Employing these usul al-fiqh, the ulema (the learned) conducted a scientific and systematic inquiry. This is k****wn as the process of ijtihad. Through this process of ijtihad sprung out various schools of law each of which owed its existence to a re****wned master. For example, the jurisprudence (fiqh) developed by Abu Hanifah and continued by his disciples came to be k****wn as the Hanafi school. The Maliki school owed its origin to Malik b. Anas, the Shafie school to al- Shafi’i, the Hanbali school to Ibn-Hanbal and so on. These are the sunni schools. Similarly, there are shia schools such as the Ithna Ashari, Jaffariya and Ismaili schools. In India, Muslims are redominantly sunnis and, by and large, they follow the hanafi school. The shias in India largely follow the Ithna Ashari school. *. In essence, the Shariat is a compendium of rules guiding the life of a Muslim from birth to death in all aspects of law, ethics and etiquette. These rules have been crystallized through the process of ijtihad employing the sophisticated jurisprudential techniques. The primary source is the Quran. Yet, in matters ****t directly covered by the divine book, rules were developed looking to the hadis and upon driving a consensus. The differences arose between the schools because of reliance on different hadis, differences in consensus and differences on qiyas or aql as the case may be. *. The question which arises is, given the shariat and its various schools, how does a person proceed on an issue which is in dispute? The solution is that in matters which can be settled privately, a person need only consult a mufti (jurisconsult) of his or her school. The mufti gives his fatwa or advisory decision based on the Shariat of his school. However, if a matter is carried to the point of litigation and can****t be settled privately then the qazi (judge) is required to deliver a qaza (judgment) based upon the Shariat. The difference between a fatwa and a qaza must be kept in the forefront. A fatwa is merely advisory whereas a qaza is binding. Both, of course, have to be based on the shariat and ****t on private interpretation de hors the shariat. The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, * and the various forms of dissolution of marriage recognised by it. *. In India, the confusion with regard to application of customary law as part of Muslim law was set at rest by the enactment of The Muslim Personal Law (Shariat) Application Act, *. Section * of the * Act reads as under:- *. Application of Personal Law to Muslims.- Notwithstanding any customs or usage to the contrary, in all questions (save questions relating to agricultural land) regarding intestate succession, special property of females, including personal property inherited or obtained under contract or gift or any other provision of Personal Law, marriage, dissolution of marriage, including talaq, ila, zihar, lian, khula and mubaraat, maintenance, dower, guardianship, gifts, trusts and trust properties, and wakfs (other than charities and charitable institutions and charitable and religious endowments) the rule of decision in cases where the parties are Muslims shall be the Muslim Personal Law (Shariat). The key words are ****twithstanding any customs or usage to the contrary and the rule of decision in cases where the parties are Muslims shall be the Muslim personal law (shariat). This provision requires the court before which any question relating to, inter-alia, dissolution of marriage is in issue and where the parties are Muslims to apply the Muslim personal law (shariat) irrespective of any contrary custom or usage. This is an injunction upon the court. What is also of great significance is the expression — dissolution of marriage, including talaq, ila, zihar, lian, khula and mubaraat.. This gives statutory recognition to the fact that under muslim personal law, a dissolution of marriage can be brought about by various means, only one of which is talaq. Although islam considers divorce to be odious and abominable, yet it is permissible on grounds of pragmatism, at the core of which is the concept of an irretrievably broken marriage. An elaborate lattice of modes of dissolution of marriage has been put in place, though with differing amplitude and width under the different schools, in an attempt to take care of all possibilities. Khula, for example, is the mode of dissolution when the wife does ****t want to continue with the marital tie. She proposes to her husband for dissolution of the marriage. This may or may ****t accompany her offer to give something in return. Generally, the wife offers to give up her claim to Mahr (dower). Khula is a divorce which proceeds from the wife which the husband can****t refuse subject only to reasonable negotiation with regard to what the wife has offered to give him in return. Mubaraat is where both the wife and husband decide to mutually put an end to their marital tie. Since this is divorce by mutual consent there is **** necessity for the wife to give up or offer anything to the husband. It is important to ****te that both under khula and mubaraat there is **** need for specifying any reason for the divorce. It takes place if the wife (in the case of khula) or the wife and husband together (in the case of mubaraat) decide to separate on a **** fault/**** blame basis. Resort to khula (and to a lesser degree, mubaraat) as a mode of dissolution of marriage is quite common in India. *. Ila and Zihar as modes of divorce are virtually ****n-existent in India. However, lian is sometimes resorted to. If a man accuses his wife of adultery (zina), but is unable to prove the allegation, the wife has the right to approach the qazi for dissolution of marriage. In India, a regular suit has to be filed. Once such a suit is filed by the wife, the husband has the option of retracting his charge of adultery, whereupon the suit shall fail. However, if he persists then he is required to make four oaths in support of the charge. The wife makes four oaths of her in****cence, after which the court declares the marriage dissolved. This is the process of dissolution of marriage by lian. The Dissolution of Muslim Marriage Act, * *. At this juncture it would be relevant to mention the Dissolution of Muslim Marriages Act, * which enabled muslim women of all sects to seek dissolution of marriage by a decree of the court under the various grounds enumerated in section * thereof which included the husband’s cruelty, impotency, failure to maintain, leprosy, virulent venereal disease, etc.. Section *(ix) of the * Act contained the residuary clause entitling a Muslim woman to seek dissolution of her marriage through a court on any other ground which is recognised as valid for the dissolution of marriages under Muslim law. So, the position after the * and * Acts is that dissolution of a Muslim marriage is permissible by the modes of talaq, ila, zihar, lian, khula and mubaraat (as mentioned in the * Act) as also on a wife’s suit under the * Act, on any of the grounds mentioned therein or on any other ground which is recognised as valid for the dissolution of marriages under Muslim law which would include lian. Divorce through talaq, ila, zihar, khula and mubaraat takes place without the intervention of the court. Divorce under the * Act (which would also include lian) is through a wife’s suit and by a decree of the court. The muslim wife, therefore, can seek divorce either outside the court (through khula) or through court (under the * Act or lian). She can also put an end to the marital tie by pro****uncing talaq upon herself in the case of talaq-e- tafwiz where the husband delegates the power of pro****uncing talaq to his wife. On the other hand, the Muslim husband can dissolve the marriage only outside court through talaq (ila and zihar being virtually ****n-existent in India). Both the husband and wife can mutually decide to dissolve the marriage, again without the intervention of court, through mubaraat. *. The * Act introduced a very salutary principle into Muslim law as it is administered in India. This is the principle of applying beneficial provisions of one school to adherents of other schools as well. The Statement of Objects and Reasons of the * Act clearly indicates the application of Maliki law to all Muslim women seeking divorce through court. It was specifically ****ted in the said Statement of Objects and Reasons that the Hanafi Jurists, however, have clearly laid down that in cases in which the application of Hanafi Law causes hardship, it is permissible to apply the provisions of the Maliki, Shafii or Hambali Law. Talaq and its three forms *. I ****w return to the central point in this case — talaq. This mode of dissolving a marriage is unique to Mslim law. In this connection the Supreme Court, in Zohara Khatoon v. Mohd. Ibrahim [(*) * SCC *], observed :- There can be **** doubt that under the Mahomedan law the commonest form of divorce is a unilateral declaration of pro****uncement of divorce of the wife by the husband according to the various forms recognised by the law. A divorce given unilaterally by the husband is especially peculiar to Mahomedan law. In **** other law has the husband got a unilateral right to divorce his wife by a simple declaration because other laws viz. the Hindu law or the Parsi Marriage and Divorce Act, *, contemplate only a dissolution of marriage on certain grounds brought about by one of the spouses in a Court of law. Three forms of talaq have been in existence (*) Ahsan talaq; (*) Hasan talaq; and (*) Talaq-e-bidaat. *. Ahsan talaq: When the husband makes a single pro****uncement of talaq during a period of purity (tuhr) followed by abstinence from sexual intercourse for the period of iddat, such a talaq is called ahsan talaq. A divorce of this kind is revocable during the period of iddat. It becomes irrevocable when the period of iddat expires. It is irrevocable in the sense that the former husband and wife can****t resume a legitimate marital relationship unless they contract a fresh nikah with a fresh mahr. This is subject to a limitation and that is that if the talaq was the third time such a talaq was pro****unced, then they can****t re-marry unless the wife were to have, in the intervening period, married someone else and her marriage had been dissolved either through divorce or death of that person and the iddat of divorce or death has expired. This latter process is k****wn as halala. However, the process of halala can****t be employed as a device to re-marry the same spouse but, it must happen in the natural course of events. It is, in effect, a near impossibility and, for all intents and purposes, the third talaq brings about a final parting of the erstwhile spouses. *. Hasan talaq: Where the husband makes a single pro****uncement of divorce during three successive tuhrs, without any sexual intercourse during the said tuhrs, the divorce is k****wn as hasan talaq. The first two pro****uncements are revocable. The third is irrevocable. The first two pro****uncements can be revoked during iddat. The third, can****t be. And, after iddat, the former husband and wife can****t even enter into a nikah unless the said process of halala is completed. *. Talaq-e-bidaat: Where three pro****uncements are made in one go (triple talaq) either in one sentence or in three sentences signifying a clear intention to divorce the wife, for instance, the husband saying ‘I divorce you three times’ or ‘I divorce you, I divorce you, I divorce you’ or the much publicised ‘Talaq, talaq, talaq’. Sanctity and effect of Talaq-e-bidaat or triple talaq. *. There is **** difficulty with ahsan talaq or hasan talaq. Both have legal recognition under all fiqh schools, sunni or shia. The difficulty lies with triple talaq which is classed as bidaat (an in****vation). Generally speaking, the shia schools do ****t recognise triple talaq as bringing about a valid divorce. There is, however, difference of opinion even within the sunni schools as to whether the triple talaq should be treated as three talaqs, irrevocably bringing to an end the marital relationship or as one rajai (revocable) talaq, operating in much the same way as an ahsan talaq. *. It is accepted by all schools of law that talaq-e-bidaat is sinful31. Yet some schools regard it as valid. Courts in India have also held it to be valid. The expression ‘bad in theology but valid in law’ is often used in this context. The fact remains that it is considered to be sinful. It was deprecated by prophet Muhammad. It is definitely ****t recommended or even approved by any school. It is ****t even considered to be a valid divorce by shia schools. There are views even amongst the sunni schools that the triple talaq pro****unced in one go would ****t be regarded as three talaqs but only as one. Judicial ****tice can be taken of the fact that the harsh abruptness of triple talaq has brought about extreme misery to the divorced women and even to the men who are left with **** chance to undo the wrong or any scope to bring about a reconciliation. It is an in****vation which may have served a purpose at a particular point of time in history but, if it is rooted out such a move would ****t be contrary to any basic tenet of Islam or the Quran or any ruling of the Prophet Muhammad. *. In this background, I would hold that a triple talaq (talaq-e-bidaat), even for sunni Muslims be regarded as one revocable talaq. This would enable the husband to have time to think and to have ample opportunity to revoke the same during the iddat period. All this while, family members of the spouses could make sincere efforts at bringing about a reconciliation. Moreover, even if the iddat period expires and the talaq can **** longer be revoked as a consequence of it, the estranged couple still has an opportunity to re-enter matrimony by contracting a fresh nikah on fresh terms of mahr etc. Importance of the attempt at reconciliation *. The attempt at reconciliation which is recommended under the shariat, has been assigned a key role by the Supreme Court. This, we shall see presently. It all began with the decision of Baharul Islam J. of the Gauhati High Court in a case under section * CrPC for maintenance by a wife in Sri Jiauddin v. Mrs Anwara Begum [(*) * Gauhati Law Reports *]. When the wife (Anwara Begum) filed the petition for maintenance, Jiauddin alleged in his written statement before the Magistrate that he had pro****unced talaq earlier and that Anwara Begum was **** longer his wife. No evidence of the pro****uncement of talaq was produced. When the matter reached the High Court, the question was — whether there had been a valid talaq? Baharul Islam J. observed that while a Muslim marriage was a civil contract, a high degree of sanctity attached to it. The necessity of dissolution was recognized but, only under exceptional circumstamces. He held that:- talaq must be for reasonable cause and be preceded by attempts at reconciliation between the husband and the wife by two arbiters one from the wife’s family the other from the husbands. If the attempts fail, talaq may be effected. *. In arriving at this conclusion, Baharul Islam J. considered various verses of the Quran and opinions of scholars and jurists such as Mohammad Ali, Yusuf Ali, Ameer Ali and Fyzee. The learned Judge went on to hold:- In other words, an attempt at reconciliation by two relatives one each of the parties, is an essential condition precedent to talaq. *. In a subsequent decision of a Division Bench (Baharul Islam CJ and D. Pathak J. of the Gauhati High Court in the case of Mst Rukia Khatun v. Abdul Khalique Laskar [(*) * Gauhati Law Reports *], the decision in Jiauddin was held to have correctly laid down the law on the subject and the decisions of the Calcutta and Bombay High Courts in ILR * Calcutta * and ILR * Bombay * were observed to be ****t correct law. In Rukia Khatun, the said Division Bench held:- In our opinion the correct law of talaq as ordained by Holy Quran is: (i) that talaq must be for a reasonable cause; and (ii) that it must be preceded by an attempt at reconciliation between the husband and wife by two arbiters, one chosen by the wife from her family and the other by the husband from his. If their attempts fail, talaq may be effected. *. Now I come to the decision of the Supreme Court in Shamim Ara v. State of U.P.:[AIR * SC *] which was also a case arising out of an application for maintenance under section * CrPC filed by a wife. To avoid the payment of maintenance, the husband had taken the plea in his written statement that he had already divorced her by pro****uncing talaq. The Supreme Court referred to the two decisions of the Gauhati High Court in Jiauddin and Rukia Khatun and expressed its agreement with the abovementioned observations made in those judgments. Thereafter, examining the facts of the case before it, the Supreme Court ****ted that **** evidence in proof of the alleged talaq had been adduced by the husband and that there were **** reasons substantiated in justification of talaq and **** plea or proof that any effort at reconciliation preceded the talaq. The Supreme Court held that a talaq has to be pro****unced to be effective. It said:- A plea of previous divorce taken in the written statement can****t at all be treated as pro****uncement of talaq by the husband on wife on the date of the filing of the written statement in the court followed by delivery of a copy thereof to the wife. *. In these circumstances, the Supreme Court held that the marriage was ****t dissolved and that the liability of the husband to pay maintenance continued. Thus, after Shamim Ara, the position of the law relating to talaq, where it is contested by either spouse, is that, if it has to take effect, first of all the pro****uncement of talaq must be proved (it is ****t sufficient to merely state in court in a written statement or in some other pleading that talaq was given at some earlier point of time), then reasonable cause must be shown as also the attempt at reconciliation must be demonstrated to have taken place. This would apply to ahsan talaq, hasan talaq as also talaq-e-bidaat. The latter, also because of the view taken by me that a talaq-e-bidaat or triple talaq (so called) shall be regarded as one revocable talaq. An issue which needs to be un- k****tted is does the attempt at reconciliation necessarily have to precede the pro****uncement of talaq or can it be after the pro****uncement also? The two Gauhati High Court decisions and that of the Supreme Court in Shamim Ara have gone on the understanding that the attempt at reconciliation must precede the pro****uncement of talaq itself. But, those decisions did ****t consider the distinction between a revocable and an irrevocable talaq. Those decisions, in my respectful view, proceeded on the basis that the talaq in each of the cases was of an irrevocable nature. Once a talaq is of the irrevocable kind, it is obvious that the effort at reconciliation must precede its pro****uncement. But, where a talaq is revocable, the attempts at reconciliation can take place even after the pro****uncement. This is so, because, in a revocable talaq, the dissolution of marriage does ****t take place at the time of pro****uncement but is automatically deferred till the end of the iddat period. This duration is specifically provided so that the man may review his decision and a reconciliation can be attempted. A hasan talaq is revocable. So also are the first two talaq pro****uncements in the case of ahsan talaq. Now, talaq-e-bidaat has also been held by me to be operative as a single revocable talaq. In all these cases of revocable talaq, the attempt at reconciliation may, in my view, take place after the pro****uncement of talaq. The crucial point is that for a pro****uncement of talaq to result in the dissolution of the marital tie there must be an attempt at reconciliation. In the case of an irrevocable talaq, it must precede the pro****uncement and in the case of a revocable talaq, it may precede or it may be after the pro****uncement but before the end of the iddat period. Pro****uncement of talaq and dissolution of marriage *. In this connection it would be relevant to ****te that pro****uncement of talaq does ****t ipso facto amount to a dissolution of the marital tie between husband and wife. Some assistance may be taken of traditional English law in explaining the concept. As indicated in Jowitt’s Dictionary of English Law, Edition-II, Sweet and Maxwell, divorce was a term used by the ecclesiastical courts to signify an interference by them with the relation of husband and wife. It was of two kinds a divorce a mensa et thoro (from bed and board), granted in cases where the husband or wife had been guilty of such conduct as to make conjugal intercourse impossible (as in the case of adultery, cruelty, etc.); and a divorce a vinculo matrimonii (from the bond of marriage), granted where the marriage was voidable or void ipso jure (as in the case of the parties being within the prohibited degrees, or one of them having been already married, or being impotent when married). The former is ****w represented by judicial separation, the latter by a decree of nullity of marriage. *. In Halsbury’s Law of England, Fourth Edition, Volume *, in paragraphs * and * it is mentioned that the law relating to matrimonial causes was much influenced by the ecclesiastical ca****ns and former practice of the ecclesiastic courts. That influence gradually diminished, and modern legislation has very considerably cut it down. It was also ****ted that from the middle of the twelfth century the ecclesiastic courts were recognized as having exclusive jurisdiction in matters of marriage and divorce, as that term was then understood, and since the Church of Rome was the supreme ecclesiastic authority in England the ecclesiastic courts applied the ca****n law in matrimonial causes. Christian marriage was indissoluble, but divorce a mensa et thoro, in the nature of the present day judicial separation, that is divorce without the right thereafter to marry a****ther person while the former spouse still lives, was granted for certain causes. Subsequently, there developed in course of time a method of divorce a vinculo matrimonii, that is divorce in its current meaning of dissolution with the right thereafter to marry a****ther person while the former spouse still lives. It was also ****ted that after the enactment of Matrimonial Causes Act, * in England, divorce means dissolution of marriage with the right thereafter to marry a****ther person while the former spouse still lives. *. From the above discussion, it is clear that the marital relations between husband and wife under English law could be interfered with by way of judicial separation, annulment of marriage or dissolution of marriage. The last of the expressions has ****w become sy****nymous with the word divorce. It is, however, important to ****te that traditional divorce included the concept of judicial separation without resulting in a dissolution of marriage. Principles under Muslim Law are somewhat different from the straightforward classification of a divorce implying dissolution of marriage. When a talaq is pro****unced, the marital relationship may ****t terminate immediately. If the talaq is revocable then the same can be revoked during the iddat period. If it is so revoked, then the marital tie between the husband and the wife is ****t severed and **** dissolution of marriage takes place. However, if the talaq is ****t revoked during the period of iddat, then upon the termination of such period, dissolution of marriage takes place. During the period of iddat, under Muslim Law, the wife upon whom talaq has been pro****unced, has the right of residence as well as of maintenance and she can****t be disturbed from where she was residing at the time of pro****uncement of talaq. She continues to be the wife of the petitioner for the entire duration of the period of iddat and, therefore, her status would be akin to that of a wife under traditional English law in the case of divorce a mensa et thoro. The dissolution of marriage takes place only upon the completion of the iddat period provided the talaq is ****t revoked. It is then that the parties are released from their marital bond and a divorce a vinculo matrimonii takes place amounting to dissolution of marriage. These are also important factors to be kept in mind while construing the question of divorce under Muslim Law. It is, therefore prescribed that the period during which the marital tie remains in suspense ought to be utilized for the purposes of bringing about a reconciliation between the husband and the wife and it is for this purpose that the courts have recognized that a reconciliation must be attempted in the manner indicated in the Quran. Can talaq be pro****unced in the absence of the wife? Is communication of the pro****uncement of talaq necessary? *. The Supreme Court made it clear in Shamim Ara that a talaq, to be effective, has to be pro****unced. The manner of pro****uncement of oral talaq also brings in differences in hanafi and ithna ashari schools. For one, the latter requires the presence of two competent witnesses, while the former does ****t. Then there is the issue of communication. A talaq may be pro****unced in the absence of the wife. But, does it ****t need to be communicated to her? As discussed above, pro****uncement of talaq materially alters the status of the wife. Her rights and liabilities flow from the nature of the talaq. Is it a revocable talaq or is it an irrevocable talaq? Then there is the question of iddat. Her right to residence. Her right to maintenance. Her right to mahr (if deferred). Custody of children, if any. Her right of pledging her husband’s credit for obtaining the means of subsistence. How would she k****w that it is time for her to exercise these rights (or time for her ****t to exercise them, as in the case of pledging her husband’s credit) if she does ****t even k****w that her husband has pro****unced talaq? So, linked with the question of her rights is the issue of communication of the talaq to her Furthermore, as pointed out above, the iddat period, in the case of a revocable talaq, is also a period during which the husband and wife have a re-think and attempt reconciliation. How would this be possible if the husband pro****unces talaq secretly and does ****t at all inform the wife about it? Consequently, while it may ****t be essential that the talaq has to be pro****unced in the presence of the wife, it is essential that such pro****uncement, to be effective, is made k****wn to her, communicated to her, at the earliest. Otherwise she would be deprived of her rights post talaq and pre- dissolution. What is the earliest will depend on the facts and circumstances of each case and would necessarily be a function of the access to communication that the husband and wife have. In the modern day, where every ****ok and cranny has landline or cellular coverage, in almost every case it would mean the same day. To my mind, communication is an essential element of pro****uncement. Where the pro****uncement of talaq is made in the presence of the wife, the acts of pro****uncement and communication take place simultaneously. The act of pro****uncement includes the act of communication. Where the wife is ****t present, pro****uncement and communication are separated by time. The pro****uncement would be valid provided it is communicated to the wife. The talaq would be effective from the date the pro****uncement is communicated to the wife. In case it is ****t communicated at all, even after a reasonable length of time, a vital ingredient of pro****uncement would be missing and such a talaq would ****t take effect. The answers to the five questions *. (*) What is the legality and effect of a triple talaq ? It is ****t even considered to be a valid divorce by shia schools. I hold that a triple talaq which is talaq-e-bidaat, even for sunni muslims be regarded as onerevocable talaq. (*) Does a talaq given in anger result in dissolution of marriage ? If a talaq is pro****unced in extreme anger where the husband has lost con trol of himself it would ****t be effective or valid. (*) What is the effect of ****n-communication of the talaq to the wife? If the pro****uncement of talaq is communicated to the wife, the talaq shall take effect on the date it is so communicated. However, if it is ****t communicated at all the talaq would ****t take effect. (*)Was the purported talaq of October * valid? No. First of all, it was given, if at all, in extreme anger. Secondly, it was never communicated to the complainant, at least ****t by the relevant period (i.e., till *.*.* or even by *.*.*). Thirdly, there was **** attempt at reconciliation in the manner suggested in the Quran either before or after the purported pro****uncement of talaq in October *. Consequently, the marital tie of the petitioner and the complainant subsisted during the relevant period (ie.,*.*.* to *.*.*). Therefore, the offence of rape is ****t made out even on the basis of allegations contained in the complaint. (*) What is the effect of the second nikah of *.*.* ? It was ****t necessary. Since the marriage was subsisting, the second nikah between them would be of **** effect. However, had the purported talaq of October, * been valid, it would have operated as a single revocable talaq and it would have been permissible for the couple to re-marry. In that case, the second nikah would have been effective and valid. And, then, the presumption of consent just prior to the marriage would be available to the petitioner. But, we need ****t labour on that aspect as the talaq of October, * itself was invalid and their first marriage subsisted.